语法解读
Grammar Ⅰ The past perfect passive
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作,简言之,其所表示的时间就是"过去的过去",由"助动词had+过去分词"构成。过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式:
1.过去完成时被动语态的肯定结构:had been+过去分词。如:
They said that production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经下降了。
2.过去完成时被动语态的否定结构:had not been+过去分词。如:
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室还没有被清理干净。
3.过去完成时被动语态的疑问句结构:had+主语+been+过去分词。如:
Had a new school been set up by the end of last year?
去年年底建了一所新学校吗?
【拓展延伸】被动语态和系表结构用法的区别:
1)被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。如:
The tree is covered with beautiful flowers.
这棵树上开满了美丽的花朵。(树上开满了美丽的花朵是一种状态)
Suddenly the top of the mountain was covered by a dark cloud.
突然山顶被一层乌云覆盖着。(突然山顶被一层乌云覆盖着是一个动作)
2)被动语态往往接by施动者,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如be divided into,be joined to,be connected with,be separated from,be divided by等。如:
This door was opened by Li Ping.
这扇门是被李平打开的。(该句be done后面接by施动者,属被动语态)
This village is connected with that one.
这个村子和那个村子连在一起。(该句be done用于固定搭配,属系表结构)
3)系表结构的过去分词前面可加well等副词修饰,而被动语态过去分词前面却不可加这些词修饰。下列例句应为系表结构,如:
He was well dressed that morning.
那天早晨他打扮得很整齐。
He is well prepared for the exam.
他对考试作好了充分的准备。
Grammar Ⅱ Indirect speech
间接引语
引述别人的话时,一般采用两种方式:一是引用别人的原话,把它放在引号内,称为直接引语;二是用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内,称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从句。直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述语序等。
直接引语变间接引语时要记住"三连""三变"。
一、"三连"
1.陈述句变为间接引语时用连词that引导,但口语中常省略。如:
He said,"I'm very glad."→He said(that)he was very glad.
2.一般疑问句变为间接引语时用连词if(whether)引导,若特殊疑问句变为间接引语时仍用其特殊疑问词引导。如: