We have learned that the v-ing form of the verb can be used as the subject and the object in Unit 2 and it is can be used as the predicative and the attributive in Unit 3. In this unit, we will go on to learn the v-ing form of the verbused as the attributive and the adverbial.

(1) As the attributive - A single v-ing form should be placed before the noun it serves; if a phrase after the noun it serves.

For example: running water; floating ice block; leaking pipes; dripping taps;

a boy standing there; the man smoking a cigarette; the driver driving a new car

a sleeping bag; a fishing pole; a sewing machine...

(2) As the adverbial -The v-ing form should be used as the adverbial of time, reason, way, result, condition , etc. For example:

Passing the house, he saw a girl playing the piano. (time)

I got to know him while working with him. (time)

Being excited, none of us could fall asleep. (reason)

He came running. (way)

She stood waiting for a bus. (accompany)

They opened the fire, killing one soldier. (result)

(3)The v-ing form can be used in the following structures.

① Present participle phrases such as adding /pointing out/reminding/warning can introduce statements in indirect speech. For example:

He told me to start early, reminding me that the roads would be crowded.

② After the verbs of sensation, such as see, hear, smell, listen (to), notice, and watch, the action can be either complete or incomplete. For example: