When is the subordinating conjunction introducing this adverbial clause which modifies was saddened. Oswald is the subject of the clause. Assassinated is the action verb which transfers its action to the direct object, which is Kennedy, all of which makes this clause transitive active.

Little Joe was punished because the window was broken.

Because is the subordinating conjunction introducing this adverbial clause. Window is the subject. Was is the helping verb, and broken is the action verb which transfers its action back to the subject making this clause transitive passive or pattern #2.

Since the boy was disruptive, he was expelled from school.

Note that the natural order of an adverbial clause is after the main clause. However, an adverbial clause is okay at the beginning of a sentence. If it comes at the beginning, however, a comma is used to separate it from the main clause.

Can you determine the correct pattern number of the following examples of adverbial clauses?

Franklin Roosevelt served as Governor of New York before he became President of the United States.

If we continue burning fossil fuels, the temperature of the earth will rise.

Agatha made coffee as I cooked the bacon.

Since Grandfather died, I have been lonely.

Grandfather died before he was ready.

Although Spike broke the window, he did not feel guilty about it.

Can you put both an adjective clause and an adverbial clause in the same sentence as the following example does?

After Oswald assassinated Kennedy, Oswald was killed by a man who was overcome with sympathy for the dead President.

Step 2 Making sentences with adverbial clauses